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Attacking Authentication Mechanisms

Authentication plays an essential role in almost every web application. If a vulnerability arises in the application's authentication mechanism, it could result in unauthorized access, data loss, or potentially even remote code execution, depending on the application's functionality. This module will provide an overview of various access control methods, such as JWT, OAuth, and SAML, and potential attacks against each.

4.65

Created by vautia

Medium Offensive

Summary

This module covers common access control mechanisms used by modern web applications such as JWT, OAuth, and SAML. Since authentication is a crucial part of any web application, it is an essential part of any penetration test. As such, it is important to know about common misconfigurations and vulnerabilities that can arise from improper implementation or usage of standardized access control mechanisms.

In more detail, this module covers the following:

  • JSON Web Token (JWT):
    • JWT-based Authentication
    • Attacking vulnerable signature verification
    • Attacking weak signing secrets
    • Exploiting Algorithm Confusion
  • OAuth:
    • OAuth Framework
    • Stealing Access Tokens from OAuth Flows
    • CSRF Attacks in OAuth Flows
  • Secure Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
    • SAML-based Authentication
    • Signature Exclusion Attack
    • Signature Wrapping Attack

This module is broken into sections with accompanying hands-on exercises to practice each of the tactics and techniques we cover. The module ends with a practical hands-on skills assessment to gauge your understanding of the various topic areas.

You can start and stop the module at any time and pick up where you left off. There is no time limit or "grading," but you must complete all of the exercises and the skills assessment to receive the maximum number of cubes and have this module marked as complete in any paths you have chosen.

As you work through the module, you will see example commands and command output for the various topics introduced. It is worth reproducing as many of these examples as possible to reinforce further the concepts presented in each section. You can do this in the PwnBox provided in the interactive sections or your virtual machine.

A firm grasp of the following modules can be considered a prerequisite for the successful completion of this module:

  • Web Attacks
  • Broken Authentication

Introduction to Authentication Mechanisms

Organizations aim to streamline the user experience, allowing users to access multiple applications and websites by logging in only once. They may also want to reduce the number of disparate authentication and authorization silos for ease of management and to enforce standard policies. Frameworks such as OAuth, OpenID Connect, and SAML can help organizations build secure and standard authentication and authorization flows.

Authentication vs. Authorization

Authentication is the process of confirming a user's identity. The most common form of authentication is checking a user's username and password. For instance, the user confirms their identity to the website by providing a username and password.

On the other hand, Authorization relates to a user's permissions or their access level. Authorization is typically governed by an access control policy, with the four general ones being Discretionary access control (DAC), Mandatory access control (MAC), Role-based access control (RBAC), and Attribute-based access control (ABAC). RBAC, an access control policy used for web applications, relies on roles to grant users different permissions. For instance, an admin user might have the "writer" role which allows changing content on a website (write permission), while a regular user might have the "reader" role, which allows only reading the content (read permission). Proper authorization checks ensure that a regular user cannot obtain write permissions to the site's content.

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Broken Authentication

It's not uncommon to find incorrectly implemented access control mechanisms. The impact ranges from the disclosure of sensitive information to the compromise of the underlying system. For example, if we compromise an application's ability to identify the requesting user via its API, this compromises the overall web application security.

Authentication mechanisms can be compromised in many ways, including:

  • Brute-forcing the login page with a list of usernames and passwords
  • Manipulating unsigned or weakly signed session tokens such as JWT
  • Exploiting weak passwords and encryption keys
  • Obtaining authentication tokens and passwords from a URL

The Broken Authentication module covered basic techniques to attack authentication mechanisms, and this module will focus on some of the more advanced authentication attacks that rely on common standards or frameworks.

JWT

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a format for transmitting cryptographically secure data. While JWTs are not directly tied to authentication in web applications, many web applications use JWTs as a stateless session token. These tokens, encoded as JSON objects, are a secure and efficient way to transmit information between a client and a server. JWTs consist of three main parts: a header, a payload, and a signature, enabling authentication, authorization, and stateless information exchange. They have become popular for implementing token-based authentication and authorization mechanisms due to their simplicity, flexibility, and widespread support across different programming languages and platforms.

OAuth

OAuth is an open standard protocol that allows secure authorization and delegation of access between different web services without sharing user credentials. It enables users to grant third-party applications limited access to resources on other web services, such as social media accounts or online banking, without exposing their passwords. OAuth operates through token-based authentication processes, facilitating seamless interactions between service providers and consumers while maintaining user privacy and security. Widely adopted across various industries, OAuth has become the de facto standard for enabling secure API access and authorization in modern web and mobile applications.

SAML

Secure Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is an XML-based open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between identity providers (IdPs) and service providers (SPs). SAML enables single sign-on (SSO), allowing users to access multiple applications and services with a single set of credentials. In the SAML workflow, the user's identity is authenticated by the IdP, which then generates a digitally signed assertion containing user attributes and permissions. This assertion is sent to the SP, which validates it and grants access accordingly. SAML is widely used in enterprise environments and web-based applications to streamline authentication processes and enhance security through standardized protocols and assertions.

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Sections

Relevant Paths

This module progresses you towards the following Paths

Senior Web Penetration Tester

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Hard Path Sections 245 Sections
Required: 7500
Reward: +1500
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In this module, we will look at exploiting NoSQL injection vulnerabilities, specifically MongoDB, with examples in Python, PHP, and Node.JS.
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Medium
Path Sections 20 Sections
Reward: +100
Authentication plays an essential role in almost every web application. If a vulnerability arises in the application's authentication mechanism, it could result in unauthorized access, data loss, or potentially even remote code execution, depending on the application's functionality. This module will provide an overview of various access control methods, such as JWT, OAuth, and SAML, and potential attacks against each.
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