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Android Fundamentals

This module introduces fundamental concepts of the Android environment, focusing on the operating system, its security features, and the structure of applications. It provides students with details about the different styles of application development and familiarizes them with their development environment. This module also explains how apps communicate in the Android environment, highlighting why this is critical information for their security. Students are also introduced to setting up a testing environment to prepare for the Application Penetration Testing process.

4.58

Created by bertolis

Fundamental General

Summary

Mobile devices hold sensitive personal and corporate information that hackers may want to obtain. Android Fundamentals seeks to provide a robust foundation in Android application security principles. It aims to enhance beginner penetration testers' understanding of how the Android platform and applications work and what steps they should follow to start with application penetration testing.

In this module, we will cover

  • The architecture of the Android platform and its security features.
  • The structure of the applications.
  • The various application types and their development methods.
  • The application's components and the ways they communicate.
  • The testing environment, including emulated devices and tools.
  • The methodology of performing application penetration testing.

This module is broken down into sections with accompanying hands-on exercises to practice each of the tactics and techniques we cover. As you work through the module, you will see example commands and command output for the various topics introduced. It is worth reproducing as many of these examples as possible to reinforce further the concepts introduced in each section. You can do this in the target host provided in the interactive sections or your own virtual machine.

You can start and stop the module at any time and pick up where you left off. There is no time limit or "grading," but you must complete all of the exercises and the skills assessment to receive the maximum number of cubes and have this module marked as complete in any paths you have chosen.

The module is classified as "Fundamental" but assumes a working knowledge of the Linux command line and an understanding of information security fundamentals.

Having a basic understanding of the modules listed below is sufficient for successfully completing this module:

While not necessary to complete the module, it is recommended that the learner have some familiarity with:

  • Web Requests/Web Frameworks (HTML, CSS, JavaScript)
  • Object Oriented Programming/working with IDE's

Additionally, students will require an Android Emulator to complete the lab exercises. The recommended emulation tool, Android Studio AVD, will likely need to be installed on the learner's host machine (due to issues with nested virtualization within the Pwnbox.) Whichever method you choose, we are certain you will enjoy this deep dive into the world of Android.

About Android

Android is a mobile operating system created for touchscreen devices like phones and tablets. Based on a modified version of the Linux Kernel, it was developed by the Open Handset Alliance consortium and commercially sponsored by Google. Most Android devices come pre-installed with Google Mobile Services (GMS), a proprietary software suite that includes apps like Google Play and Google Chrome. Google collaborates with various vendors, such as Samsung and HTC, to allow customization of user interfaces and software features. Beyond smartphones and tablets, Android OS is also used in smart TVs and wearables developed by Google. Android applications are distributed through various app stores, including Google Play Store, Amazon Appstore, Samsung Galaxy Store, Huawei AppGallery, and open-source platforms such as Aptoide, F-Droid, APKPure, and APKMirror.

History

In October 2003, Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White founded Android Incorporated in Palo Alto, California. In 2005, after Rubin's efforts to attract investors, Google acquired the company for the reported price of around $50 million. After some time, Rubin's team at Google developed the first mobile device powered by the Linux kernel. In 2007, an early prototype with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard was created, followed by the HTC Dream (also known as T-Mobile G1, the first commercial Android device released in September 2008.) Android's major releases before version 10 were named after desserts. For example, the first Android versions were called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, and Froyo.

In 2010, Google launched the Nexus series, and in May 2013, it announced a special version of the Samsung Galaxy S4 that included Google Play, followed by the HTC One Google Play edition and the Moto G Google Play edition. In June 2014, Google introduced Android One, a program aimed at enabling third-party manufacturers to produce high-quality smartphones easily and at low cost. In October 2016, Google replaced the Nexus series with the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones, the first phones designed and marketed entirely by Google. On September 3, 2019, Google released Android 10 (initially referred to as Android Q) for Pixel devices, officially ending the tradition of naming major Android versions after desserts.

Versions

Below is a table showing the correlation between Android codenames, versions, API levels, and release dates.

Name Version API Level Release Date
Android 1.0 1.0 1 September 23, 2008
Android 1.1 1.1 2 February 9, 2009
Android Cupcake 1.5 3 April 27, 2009
Android Donut 1.6 4 September 15, 2009
Android Eclair 2.0 5 October 27, 2009
Android Eclair 2.0.1 6 December 3, 2009
Android Eclair 2.1 7 January 11, 2010
Android Froyo 2.2 – 2.2.3 8 May 20, 2010
Android Gingerbread 2.3 – 2.3.2 9 December 6, 2010
Android Gingerbread 2.3.3 – 2.3.7 10 February 9, 2011
Android Honeycomb 3.0 11 February 22, 2011
Android Honeycomb 3.1 12 May 10, 2011
Android Honeycomb 3.2 – 3.2.6 13 July 15, 2011
Android Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0 – 4.0.2 14 October 18, 2011
Android Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0.3 – 4.0.4 15 December 16, 2011
Android Jelly Bean 4.1 – 4.1.2 16 July 9, 2012
Android Jelly Bean 4.2 – 4.2.2 17 November 13, 2012
Android Jelly Bean test 18 July 24, 2013
Android KitKat 4.4 – 4.4.4 19 October 31, 2013
Android KitKat 4.4W – 4.4W.2 20 June 25, 2014
Android Lollipop 5.0 – 5.0.2 21 November 4, 2014
Android Lollipop 5.1 – 5.1.1 22 March 2, 2015
Android Marshmallow 6.0 – 6.0.1 23 October 2, 2015
Android Nougat 7.0 24 August 22, 2016
Android Nougat 7.1 – 7.1.2 25 October 4, 2016
Android Oreo 8.0 26 August 21, 2017
Android Oreo 8.1 27 December 5, 2017
Android Pie 9 28 August 6, 2018
Android 10 10 29 September 3, 2019
Android 11 11 30 September 8, 2020
Android 12 12 31 October 4, 2021
Android 12L 12.1 32 March 7, 2022
Android 13 13 33 August 15, 2022
Android 14 14 34 October 4, 2023
Android 15 15 35 September 3, 2024
Android 16 16 Beta 36 March 13, 2025

The Android version of the device, along with other information, can be found under Settings -> About emulated device -> Android version.

Android version 13 details: Security update November 5, 2022; Google Play update October 1, 2022; Baseband 1.0.0.0; Kernel 5.15.41; Build number 9302419.

Hardware

Although Android supports a range of hardware architectures, the majority of devices use the ARM (AArch64) architecture. Architectures such as x86 and x86-64 have also been supported, primarily in later Android versions that included Intel processors. The unofficial project Android-x86 provided support for the x86 architecture even before it was officially supported by Android. Non-native architectures like x86 can also run on the Android Emulator included with the SDK, as well as on various third-party emulators. Android devices typically include a variety of hardware components, such as video cameras, GPS, orientation sensors, dedicated gaming controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens. Moving on to the next section, we will discuss the main components of the Android operating system and their attributes.

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Sections

Relevant Paths

This module progresses you towards the following Paths

Operating System Fundamentals

Operating System Fundamentals

To succeed in information security, we must have a deep understanding of the Windows and Linux operating systems and be comfortable navigating the command line on both as a "power user." Much of our time in any role, but especially penetration testing, is spent in a Linux shell, Windows cmd or PowerShell console, so we must have the skills to navigate both types of operating systems with ease, manage system services, install applications, manage permissions, and harden the systems we work from in accordance with security best practices.

Easy Path Sections 75 Sections
Required: 40
Reward: +40
Path Modules
Linux Fundamentals
Fundamental
Path Sections 30 Sections
Reward: +10
This module covers the fundamentals required to work comfortably with the Linux operating system and shell.
Windows Fundamentals
Fundamental
Path Sections 14 Sections
Reward: +10
This module covers the fundamentals required to work comfortably with the Windows operating system.
MacOS Fundamentals
Fundamental
Path Sections 11 Sections
Reward: +10
This module covers the fundamentals required to work comfortably within the macOS operating system and shell.
Android Fundamentals
Fundamental
Path Sections 20 Sections
Reward: +10
This module introduces fundamental concepts of the Android environment, focusing on the operating system, its security features, and the structure of applications. It provides students with details about the different styles of application development and familiarizes them with their development environment. This module also explains how apps communicate in the Android environment, highlighting why this is critical information for their security. Students are also introduced to setting up a testing environment to prepare for the Application Penetration Testing process.
Android Application Pentesting

Android Application Pentesting

The Android Application Pentesting Skill Path is a hands-on program covering Android fundamentals, security architecture, static and dynamic analysis, malware investigation, penetration testing automation, and digital forensics. Learners use tools like MobSF, Frida, Objection, ALEAPP, and Autopsy to practice rooting devices, bypassing security, and recovering data. Through module exercises and assessments, they build expertise in identifying vulnerabilities, mitigating threats, and performing professional forensic investigations on Android devices.

Hard Path Sections 73 Sections
Required: 2510
Reward: +510
Path Modules
Android Fundamentals
Fundamental
Path Sections 20 Sections
Reward: +10
This module introduces fundamental concepts of the Android environment, focusing on the operating system, its security features, and the structure of applications. It provides students with details about the different styles of application development and familiarizes them with their development environment. This module also explains how apps communicate in the Android environment, highlighting why this is critical information for their security. Students are also introduced to setting up a testing environment to prepare for the Application Penetration Testing process.
Android Application Static Analysis
Medium
Path Sections 15 Sections
Reward: +100
This module provides a comprehensive introduction to the static analysis of Android applications—an essential skill for mobile security professionals, reverse engineers, and penetration testers. You’ll gain hands-on experience with tools and techniques used to deconstruct APK files, analyze application code, and uncover vulnerabilities. From reversing native libraries to bypassing authentication and root detection mechanisms, you’ll be prepared to tackle increasingly advanced challenges in Android security testing.
Android Application Dynamic Analysis
Medium
Path Sections 16 Sections
Reward: +100
This module focuses on the real-time analysis and manipulation of Android applications to uncover vulnerabilities that arise during execution. By examining how apps behave at runtime, you'll learn to identify weaknesses that static analysis may overlook and explore techniques to intercept, modify, and monitor application behavior. Through hands-on exercises and practical examples, this module equips you with the skills needed to perform effective dynamic assessments of Android apps.
Android Application Malware Analysis
mini module tag Mini-Module
Hard
Path Sections 7 Sections
Reward: +100
This module offers a hands-on introduction to the world of Android malware analysis. It covers common malware types, the ways they abuse system permissions, and the techniques used to avoid detection. Students will also explore advanced tactics such as embedded stack-based virtual machines and the theft of two-factor authentication tokens. By the end of the course, students will be adept at identifying malicious apps and reverse-engineering their behavior.
Android Penetration Testing Automation
mini module tag Mini-Module
Medium
Path Sections 8 Sections
Reward: +100 NEW
One of the Android platform's biggest strengths is its rich and versatile set of tools, especially when it comes to automating the security testing process. From analyzing source code to observing how apps behave at runtime, Android supports a wide range of open-source solutions that help testers scale their work, reduce manual errors, and simulate real-world attack scenarios. This course takes a practical look at these tools, showing you not just their capabilities, but how they can be integrated into your existing workflow.
Android Forensics
mini module tag Mini-Module
Medium
Path Sections 7 Sections
Reward: +100 NEW
The Android Forensics module teaches students evidence recovery, system investigation, and data analysis on Android devices. It covers rooting, secure root access, data extraction, and forensic suites like Autopsy, preparing students for real-world scenarios.