Summary
This module introduces fundamental techniques for enumerating, visualizing and attacking Wi-Fi networks. We will cover how to enumerate and map access points, exploit vulnerabilities in Wi-Fi networks, discover hidden networks, and bypass MAC filtering implemented by access points using aircrack-ng tools.
In this module, we will cover:
- Wi-Fi Penetration Testing Basics Overview
- 802.11 Fundamentals
- 802.11 Frames and Types
- Authentication Methods
- Wi-Fi Interfaces and Interface Modes
- Aircrack-ng Essentials
- Airmon-ng
- Airodump-ng
- Airgraph-ng
- Aireplay-ng
- Airdecap-ng
- Aircrack-ng
- Connection Methods
- Connecting to Wi-Fi Networks
- Basic Control Bypass, such as:
- Finding Hidden SSIDs
- Bypassing Mac Filtering
- Skills Assessment
This module is broken down into sections with accompanying hands-on exercises to practice each of the tools, tactics, and techniques we cover. There are no specific WiFi hardware requirements for this module, as Hack The Box manages all necessary resources. You will need to RDP into the provided attacker VM to perform the exercises.
As you work through the module, you will see example commands and command outputs for the various tools and topics introduced. Reproducing as many examples as possible is recommended to reinforce the concepts presented in each section.
You can start and stop the module at any time and pick up where you left off. There is no time limit or grading, but you must complete all of the exercises and the skills assessments to receive the maximum number of cubes and have this module marked as complete in any paths you have chosen.
This module is classified as "Medium" and assumes a working knowledge of Linux systems and network fundamentals. Prior familiarity with the following topics is recommended for successful completion of this module:
Wi-Fi Penetration Testing Basics Overview
In today's interconnected world, WiFi networks have become ubiquitous, serving as the backbone of our digital connectivity. However, with this convenience comes the risk of security vulnerabilities that can be exploited by malicious actors. WiFi pentesting, or penetration testing, is a crucial process employed by cybersecurity professionals to assess the security posture of WiFi networks. By systematically evaluating passphrases, configurations, infrastructure, and client devices, WiFi pentesters uncover potential weaknesses and vulnerabilities that could compromise network security. In this module, we'll explore the fundamental principles of WiFi pentesting, covering key aspects of the process and highlighting essential techniques used to assess and enhance the security of WiFi networks.
Wi-Fi Authentication Types
WiFi authentication types are crucial for securing wireless networks and protecting data from unauthorized access. The main types include WEP, WPA, WPA2, and WPA3, each progressively enhancing security standards.
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WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): The original WiFi security protocol, WEP, provides basic encryption but is now considered outdated and insecure due to vulnerabilities that make it easy to breach. -
WPA (WiFi Protected Access): Introduced as an interim improvement over WEP, WPA offers better encryption through TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol), but it is still less secure than newer standards. -
WPA2 (WiFi Protected Access II): A significant advancement over WPA, WPA2 uses AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for robust security. It has been the standard for many years, providing strong protection for most networks. -
WPA3 (WiFi Protected Access III): The latest standard, WPA3, enhances security with features like individualized data encryption and more robust password-based authentication, making it the most secure option currently available.
When we look to get started on our path of becoming wireless penetration testers, we should always consider the fundamental skills required for us to be successful. Knowing these skills can ensure that we do not get lost along the way when we are exploring many different authentication mechanisms and protections. After all, although wi-fi is one of the most available areas of perimeter security for our exploitation, it presents difficulty to even some of the most seasoned veterans.
A WiFi penetration test comprises the following four key components:
- Assessing passphrases for strength and security
- Analyzing configuration settings to identify vulnerabilities
- Probing the network infrastructure for weaknesses
- Testing client devices for potential security flaws
Let's delve into a detailed discussion of these four crucial components.
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Evaluating Passphrases: This involves assessing the strength and security of WiFi network passwords or passphrases. Pentesters employ various techniques, such as dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and password cracking tools, to evaluate the resilience of passphrases against unauthorized access. -
Evaluating Configuration: Pentesters analyze the configuration settings of WiFi routers and access points to identify potential security vulnerabilities. This includes scrutinizing encryption protocols, authentication methods, network segmentation, and other configuration parameters to ensure they adhere to best security practices. -
Testing the Infrastructure: This phase focuses on probing the robustness of the WiFi network infrastructure. Pentesters conduct comprehensive assessments to uncover weaknesses in network architecture, device configurations, firmware versions, and implementation flaws that could be exploited by attackers to compromise the network. -
Testing the Clients: Pentesters evaluate the security posture of WiFi clients, such as laptops, smartphones, and IoT devices, that connect to the network. This involves testing for vulnerabilities in client software, operating systems, wireless drivers, and network stack implementations to identify potential entry points for attackers.
By systematically evaluating these aspects, pentesters can identify and mitigate security risks, strengthen defenses, and enhance the overall security posture of WiFi networks.